The **California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)** is a landmark environmental statute enacted in 1970, representing the broadest environmental protection law in California. CEQA requires all state and local public agencies to identify, disclose, and mitigate potentially significant environmental impacts of proposed projects before approving or carrying them out[1][2][3]. This includes both public and private projects that require discretionary government approval, making CEQA a key regulatory mechanism shaping development throughout the state[3]. CEQA’s core function is to ensure that environmental considerations are integrated into project planning and decision-making. It requires lead agencies—those primarily responsible for project approval—to conduct environmental reviews. This process often begins with an *Initial Study* to assess potential impacts. If significant impacts are likely, an *Environmental Impact Report (EIR)* must be prepared, detailing mitigation measures and alternatives to reduce harm[1][3][5]. For projects with minor or no impacts, CEQA allows exemptions or issuance of a *Negative Declaration* or *Mitigated Negative Declaration*[2]. Historically, CEQA arose amid growing environmental awareness in the 1970s, reflecting California’s leadership in environmental policy. Over the decades, it has evolved through legislative amendments and judicial interpretation to cover nearly all development projects, ensuring robust environmental oversight[3][4]. Key achievements of CEQA include compelling agencies and developers to consider air and water quality, wildlife, noise, historic preservation, and climate change impacts, fostering sustainable growth[7]. Its public disclosure and participation components empower communities to engage in environmental governance[5]. Currently, CEQA remains a critical tool for balancing development with environmental protection. It influences urban planning, infrastructure projects, and technological developments in California’s dynamic economy. The act’s procedural rigor and adaptability help address emerging challenges like climate change while promoting transparency and accountability[4][7][8]. Notably, CEQA’s requirement that project applicants bear the cost of environmental review ensures that environmental responsibility does not fall on taxpayers,